Introducción

Archivo german con 1000 observaciones, que se puede obtener en: http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/statlog/german/german.data.

Este set de datos clasifica a clientes como buenos o malos riesgos para otorgarles créditos bancarios.

Variables

La base consta de 21 variables que corresponden a diferentes observaciones sobre el historial crediticio de una muestra de personas.

campo atributo valores tipo
1 estatus de su cuenta actual A11,A12,A13,A14 categórica
2 duración en meses enteros positivos numérica
3 historia creditica A30,A31,A32,A33,A34 categórica
4 propósito A40,A41,A42,A43,A44,A45,A46,A47,A48,A49,A410 categórica
5 monto crediticio reales positivos numérica
6 cuenta de ahorro/bonos A61,A62,A63,A64,A65 categórica
7 empleo actual desde A71,A72,A73,A74,A75 categórica
8 porcentaje de capacidad de pago reales positivos numérica
9 estado civil y género A91,A92,A93,A94,A95 categórica
10 otros acreedores A101,A102,A103 categórica
11 vivienda actual desde entero positivos numérica
12 propiedad A121,A122,A123,A124 categórica
13 edad en años enteros positivos numérica
14 otros planes de pago A141,A142,A143 categórica
15 tipo de vivienda A151,A152,A153 categórica
16 número de créditos que tiene en este banco enteros positivos numérica
17 trabajo A171,A172,A173,A174,A175 categórica
18 número de dependientes económicos enteros positivos numérica
19 teléfono A191,A192 categórica
20 trabajador extranjero A201,A202 categórica
21 crédito bueno/crédito malo 1,2 categórica

Estructura general

Se muestra la estructura general de la base

## Source: local data frame [1,000 x 21]
## 
##    Status of existing checking account Duration in month Credit history
## 1                                  A11                 6            A34
## 2                                  A12                48            A32
## 3                                  A14                12            A34
## 4                                  A11                42            A32
## 5                                  A11                24            A33
## 6                                  A14                36            A32
## 7                                  A14                24            A32
## 8                                  A12                36            A32
## 9                                  A14                12            A32
## 10                                 A12                30            A34
## ..                                 ...               ...            ...
## Variables not shown: Purpose (chr), Credit amount (int), Savings
##   account/bonds (chr), Present employment since (chr), Installment rate in
##   percentage of disposable income (int), Personal status and sex (chr),
##   Other debtors / guarantors (chr), Present residence since (int),
##   Property (chr), Age in years (int), Other installment plans (chr),
##   Housing (chr), Number of existing credits at this bank (int), Job (chr),
##   Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for (int),
##   Telephone (chr), foreign worker (chr), Good.Loan (int)

Podemos observar las 21 diferentes variables, donde 13 de ellas parecen ser categóricas y el resto numéricas (8 variables), aunque una de las variables numéricas en realidad es categórica.

Tamaño

Se muestra la dimensión de la base.

## [1] 1000   21

La base contiene 1000 registros para cada una de las 21 variables.

Columnas

Se muestran los nombres de la base.

##  [1] "Status of existing checking account"                     
##  [2] "Duration in month"                                       
##  [3] "Credit history"                                          
##  [4] "Purpose"                                                 
##  [5] "Credit amount"                                           
##  [6] "Savings account/bonds"                                   
##  [7] "Present employment since"                                
##  [8] "Installment rate in percentage of disposable income"     
##  [9] "Personal status and sex"                                 
## [10] "Other debtors / guarantors"                              
## [11] "Present residence since"                                 
## [12] "Property"                                                
## [13] "Age in years"                                            
## [14] "Other installment plans"                                 
## [15] "Housing"                                                 
## [16] "Number of existing credits at this bank"                 
## [17] "Job"                                                     
## [18] "Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for"
## [19] "Telephone"                                               
## [20] "foreign worker"                                          
## [21] "Good.Loan"

Estructura

Se muestra la estructura de la base.

## Classes 'tbl_df', 'tbl' and 'data.frame':    1000 obs. of  21 variables:
##  $ Status of existing checking account                     : chr  "A11" "A12" "A14" "A11" ...
##  $ Duration in month                                       : int  6 48 12 42 24 36 24 36 12 30 ...
##  $ Credit history                                          : chr  "A34" "A32" "A34" "A32" ...
##  $ Purpose                                                 : chr  "A43" "A43" "A46" "A42" ...
##  $ Credit amount                                           : int  1169 5951 2096 7882 4870 9055 2835 6948 3059 5234 ...
##  $ Savings account/bonds                                   : chr  "A65" "A61" "A61" "A61" ...
##  $ Present employment since                                : chr  "A75" "A73" "A74" "A74" ...
##  $ Installment rate in percentage of disposable income     : int  4 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 ...
##  $ Personal status and sex                                 : chr  "A93" "A92" "A93" "A93" ...
##  $ Other debtors / guarantors                              : chr  "A101" "A101" "A101" "A103" ...
##  $ Present residence since                                 : int  4 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 ...
##  $ Property                                                : chr  "A121" "A121" "A121" "A122" ...
##  $ Age in years                                            : int  67 22 49 45 53 35 53 35 61 28 ...
##  $ Other installment plans                                 : chr  "A143" "A143" "A143" "A143" ...
##  $ Housing                                                 : chr  "A152" "A152" "A152" "A153" ...
##  $ Number of existing credits at this bank                 : int  2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 ...
##  $ Job                                                     : chr  "A173" "A173" "A172" "A173" ...
##  $ Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for: int  1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ Telephone                                               : chr  "A192" "A191" "A191" "A191" ...
##  $ foreign worker                                          : chr  "A201" "A201" "A201" "A201" ...
##  $ Good.Loan                                               : int  1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 ...

Tenemos que la base se encuentra codificada, por lo que no podemos saber si hay alguna discrepancia entre los datos y los correspondientes nombres de las variables, por lo que más adelante se llevará a cabo una decodificación.

Observaciones

Se muestran las primeras observaciones que contiene la base.

## Source: local data frame [6 x 21]
## 
##   Status of existing checking account Duration in month Credit history
## 1                                 A11                 6            A34
## 2                                 A12                48            A32
## 3                                 A14                12            A34
## 4                                 A11                42            A32
## 5                                 A11                24            A33
## 6                                 A14                36            A32
## Variables not shown: Purpose (chr), Credit amount (int), Savings
##   account/bonds (chr), Present employment since (chr), Installment rate in
##   percentage of disposable income (int), Personal status and sex (chr),
##   Other debtors / guarantors (chr), Present residence since (int),
##   Property (chr), Age in years (int), Other installment plans (chr),
##   Housing (chr), Number of existing credits at this bank (int), Job (chr),
##   Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for (int),
##   Telephone (chr), foreign worker (chr), Good.Loan (int)

Se muestran las últimas observaciones que contiene la base.

## Source: local data frame [6 x 21]
## 
##      Status of existing checking account Duration in month Credit history
## 995                                  A14                12            A32
## 996                                  A14                12            A32
## 997                                  A11                30            A32
## 998                                  A14                12            A32
## 999                                  A11                45            A32
## 1000                                 A12                45            A34
## Variables not shown: Purpose (chr), Credit amount (int), Savings
##   account/bonds (chr), Present employment since (chr), Installment rate in
##   percentage of disposable income (int), Personal status and sex (chr),
##   Other debtors / guarantors (chr), Present residence since (int),
##   Property (chr), Age in years (int), Other installment plans (chr),
##   Housing (chr), Number of existing credits at this bank (int), Job (chr),
##   Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for (int),
##   Telephone (chr), foreign worker (chr), Good.Loan (int)

Se muestra un grupo de observaciones que contiene la base que fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente.

## Source: local data frame [6 x 21]
## 
##     Status of existing checking account Duration in month Credit history
## 348                                 A12                24            A32
## 374                                 A14                60            A34
## 860                                 A14                 9            A32
## 97                                  A14                12            A34
## 959                                 A11                28            A32
## 922                                 A14                48            A33
## Variables not shown: Purpose (chr), Credit amount (int), Savings
##   account/bonds (chr), Present employment since (chr), Installment rate in
##   percentage of disposable income (int), Personal status and sex (chr),
##   Other debtors / guarantors (chr), Present residence since (int),
##   Property (chr), Age in years (int), Other installment plans (chr),
##   Housing (chr), Number of existing credits at this bank (int), Job (chr),
##   Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for (int),
##   Telephone (chr), foreign worker (chr), Good.Loan (int)

Sumario Estadístico

Se muestra el resumen estadístico de la base, donde aparentemente no se observa algo raro.

##  Status of existing checking account Duration in month Credit history    
##  Length:1000                         Min.   : 4.0      Length:1000       
##  Class :character                    1st Qu.:12.0      Class :character  
##  Mode  :character                    Median :18.0      Mode  :character  
##                                      Mean   :20.9                        
##                                      3rd Qu.:24.0                        
##                                      Max.   :72.0                        
##    Purpose          Credit amount   Savings account/bonds
##  Length:1000        Min.   :  250   Length:1000          
##  Class :character   1st Qu.: 1366   Class :character     
##  Mode  :character   Median : 2320   Mode  :character     
##                     Mean   : 3271                        
##                     3rd Qu.: 3972                        
##                     Max.   :18424                        
##  Present employment since
##  Length:1000             
##  Class :character        
##  Mode  :character        
##                          
##                          
##                          
##  Installment rate in percentage of disposable income
##  Min.   :1.00                                       
##  1st Qu.:2.00                                       
##  Median :3.00                                       
##  Mean   :2.97                                       
##  3rd Qu.:4.00                                       
##  Max.   :4.00                                       
##  Personal status and sex Other debtors / guarantors
##  Length:1000             Length:1000               
##  Class :character        Class :character          
##  Mode  :character        Mode  :character          
##                                                    
##                                                    
##                                                    
##  Present residence since   Property          Age in years 
##  Min.   :1.00            Length:1000        Min.   :19.0  
##  1st Qu.:2.00            Class :character   1st Qu.:27.0  
##  Median :3.00            Mode  :character   Median :33.0  
##  Mean   :2.85                               Mean   :35.5  
##  3rd Qu.:4.00                               3rd Qu.:42.0  
##  Max.   :4.00                               Max.   :75.0  
##  Other installment plans   Housing         
##  Length:1000             Length:1000       
##  Class :character        Class :character  
##  Mode  :character        Mode  :character  
##                                            
##                                            
##                                            
##  Number of existing credits at this bank     Job           
##  Min.   :1.00                            Length:1000       
##  1st Qu.:1.00                            Class :character  
##  Median :1.00                            Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :1.41                                              
##  3rd Qu.:2.00                                              
##  Max.   :4.00                                              
##  Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for
##  Min.   :1.00                                            
##  1st Qu.:1.00                                            
##  Median :1.00                                            
##  Mean   :1.16                                            
##  3rd Qu.:1.00                                            
##  Max.   :2.00                                            
##   Telephone         foreign worker       Good.Loan  
##  Length:1000        Length:1000        Min.   :1.0  
##  Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:1.0  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :1.0  
##                                        Mean   :1.3  
##                                        3rd Qu.:2.0  
##                                        Max.   :2.0

Identificación de id

Dado que la base no cuenta con una columna correspondiente al id, agregamos la variable correspondiente.

Limpieza de metadatos

Verificamos el formato de los nombres de las variables y observamos que no todos tienen el formato deseado, por lo que aplicaremos una limpieza.

##  [1] "Status of existing checking account"                     
##  [2] "Duration in month"                                       
##  [3] "Credit history"                                          
##  [4] "Purpose"                                                 
##  [5] "Credit amount"                                           
##  [6] "Savings account/bonds"                                   
##  [7] "Present employment since"                                
##  [8] "Installment rate in percentage of disposable income"     
##  [9] "Personal status and sex"                                 
## [10] "Other debtors / guarantors"                              
## [11] "Present residence since"                                 
## [12] "Property"                                                
## [13] "Age in years"                                            
## [14] "Other installment plans"                                 
## [15] "Housing"                                                 
## [16] "Number of existing credits at this bank"                 
## [17] "Job"                                                     
## [18] "Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for"
## [19] "Telephone"                                               
## [20] "foreign worker"                                          
## [21] "Good.Loan"

Recodificación

Realizamos la recodificación correspondiente para entender mejor cada una de las variables.

Ajuste de formatos

Se muestran las diferentes clases de las variables.

##                      Status of existing checking account 
##                                              "character" 
##                                        Duration in month 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                           Credit history 
##                                              "character" 
##                                                  Purpose 
##                                              "character" 
##                                            Credit amount 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                    Savings account/bonds 
##                                              "character" 
##                                 Present employment since 
##                                              "character" 
##      Installment rate in percentage of disposable income 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                  Personal status and sex 
##                                              "character" 
##                               Other debtors / guarantors 
##                                              "character" 
##                                  Present residence since 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                                 Property 
##                                              "character" 
##                                             Age in years 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                  Other installment plans 
##                                              "character" 
##                                                  Housing 
##                                              "character" 
##                  Number of existing credits at this bank 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                                      Job 
##                                              "character" 
## Number of people being liable to provide maintenance for 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                                Telephone 
##                                              "character" 
##                                           foreign worker 
##                                              "character" 
##                                                Good.Loan 
##                                                "integer"

Tenemos que hay varias variables de tipo caracter y otras numéricas, aparentemente el único ajuste que debemos realizar es definir como factores a las variables tipo caracter, para que posteriormente puedan ser utilizadas en el análisis.

Normalizar niveles

Removemos espacios, puntuaciones, etc. en los niveles de los factores. En este caso, además de la normalización se lleva a cabo un cambio en la variable Good.Loan, que aparentemente es numérica pero realmente representa 2 categorías.

Transformación de variables

Aparentemente no es necesario hacer ninguna transformación a los datos. En el análisis gráfico trataremos de identificar si se requiere alguna transformación.

Verificación de los cambios

Una vez aplicado nuestro proceso de preparación para limpieza de metadatos y ajuste de formatos tenemos lo siguiente:

Verificamos como quedan los nombres de las variables de la base.

##  [1] "status.of.existing.checking.account"                     
##  [2] "duration.in.month"                                       
##  [3] "credit.history"                                          
##  [4] "purpose"                                                 
##  [5] "credit.amount"                                           
##  [6] "savings.account.bonds"                                   
##  [7] "present.employment.since"                                
##  [8] "installment.rate.in.percentage.of.disposable.income"     
##  [9] "personal.status.and.sex"                                 
## [10] "other.debtors...guarantors"                              
## [11] "present.residence.since"                                 
## [12] "property"                                                
## [13] "age.in.years"                                            
## [14] "other.installment.plans"                                 
## [15] "housing"                                                 
## [16] "number.of.existing.credits.at.this.bank"                 
## [17] "job"                                                     
## [18] "number.of.people.being.liable.to.provide.maintenance.for"
## [19] "telephone"                                               
## [20] "foreign.worker"                                          
## [21] "good.loan"                                               
## [22] "id"

Así queda el ajuste sobre el tipo de variables.

##                      status.of.existing.checking.account 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                        duration.in.month 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                           credit.history 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                                  purpose 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                            credit.amount 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                    savings.account.bonds 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                 present.employment.since 
##                                                 "factor" 
##      installment.rate.in.percentage.of.disposable.income 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                  personal.status.and.sex 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                               other.debtors...guarantors 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                  present.residence.since 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                                 property 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                             age.in.years 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                  other.installment.plans 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                                  housing 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                  number.of.existing.credits.at.this.bank 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                                      job 
##                                                 "factor" 
## number.of.people.being.liable.to.provide.maintenance.for 
##                                                "integer" 
##                                                telephone 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                           foreign.worker 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                                good.loan 
##                                                 "factor" 
##                                                       id 
##                                                "integer"

Y nuevamente observamos el sumario estadístico.

##  status.of.existing.checking.account duration.in.month credit.history
##  a11:274                             Min.   : 4.0      a30: 40       
##  a12:269                             1st Qu.:12.0      a31: 49       
##  a13: 63                             Median :18.0      a32:530       
##  a14:394                             Mean   :20.9      a33: 88       
##                                      3rd Qu.:24.0      a34:293       
##                                      Max.   :72.0                    
##                                                                      
##     purpose    credit.amount   savings.account.bonds
##  a43    :280   Min.   :  250   a61:603              
##  a40    :234   1st Qu.: 1366   a62:103              
##  a42    :181   Median : 2320   a63: 63              
##  a41    :103   Mean   : 3271   a64: 48              
##  a49    : 97   3rd Qu.: 3972   a65:183              
##  a46    : 50   Max.   :18424                        
##  (Other): 55                                        
##  present.employment.since
##  a71: 62                 
##  a72:172                 
##  a73:339                 
##  a74:174                 
##  a75:253                 
##                          
##                          
##  installment.rate.in.percentage.of.disposable.income
##  Min.   :1.00                                       
##  1st Qu.:2.00                                       
##  Median :3.00                                       
##  Mean   :2.97                                       
##  3rd Qu.:4.00                                       
##  Max.   :4.00                                       
##                                                     
##  personal.status.and.sex other.debtors...guarantors
##  a91: 50                 a101:907                  
##  a92:310                 a102: 41                  
##  a93:548                 a103: 52                  
##  a94: 92                                           
##                                                    
##                                                    
##                                                    
##  present.residence.since property    age.in.years  other.installment.plans
##  Min.   :1.00            a121:282   Min.   :19.0   a141:139               
##  1st Qu.:2.00            a122:232   1st Qu.:27.0   a142: 47               
##  Median :3.00            a123:332   Median :33.0   a143:814               
##  Mean   :2.85            a124:154   Mean   :35.5                          
##  3rd Qu.:4.00                       3rd Qu.:42.0                          
##  Max.   :4.00                       Max.   :75.0                          
##                                                                           
##  housing    number.of.existing.credits.at.this.bank   job     
##  a151:179   Min.   :1.00                            a171: 22  
##  a152:713   1st Qu.:1.00                            a172:200  
##  a153:108   Median :1.00                            a173:630  
##             Mean   :1.41                            a174:148  
##             3rd Qu.:2.00                                      
##             Max.   :4.00                                      
##                                                               
##  number.of.people.being.liable.to.provide.maintenance.for telephone 
##  Min.   :1.00                                             a191:596  
##  1st Qu.:1.00                                             a192:404  
##  Median :1.00                                                       
##  Mean   :1.16                                                       
##  3rd Qu.:1.00                                                       
##  Max.   :2.00                                                       
##                                                                     
##  foreign.worker    good.loan         id      
##  a201:963       badloan :300   Min.   :   1  
##  a202: 37       goodloan:700   1st Qu.: 251  
##                                Median : 500  
##                                Mean   : 500  
##                                3rd Qu.: 750  
##                                Max.   :1000  
## 

Análisis gráfico

Con la finalidad de observar el comportamiento de las variables que contiene la base, se obtienen las gráficas correspondientes para cada una de las variables.

Asimismo, se obtienen gráficas de la relación entre cada par de variables.

Dado que en nuestra base arreglada los nombres de las categorías de algunas variables son muy largos, vamos a utilizar la base codificada original para que las gráficas se puedan observar mejor.

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Apéndice: Ambiente

## R version 3.1.1 (2014-07-10)
## Platform: i386-w64-mingw32/i386 (32-bit)
## 
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=Spanish_Mexico.1252  LC_CTYPE=Spanish_Mexico.1252   
## [3] LC_MONETARY=Spanish_Mexico.1252 LC_NUMERIC=C                   
## [5] LC_TIME=Spanish_Mexico.1252    
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] grid      stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
## [8] base     
## 
## other attached packages:
## [1] corrplot_0.73          stringr_0.6.2          lubridate_1.3.3       
## [4] directlabels_2013.6.15 quadprog_1.5-5         ggplot2_1.0.0         
## [7] dplyr_0.2              tidyr_0.1              plyr_1.8.1            
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] assertthat_0.1   colorspace_1.2-4 digest_0.6.4     evaluate_0.5.5  
##  [5] formatR_1.0      gtable_0.1.2     htmltools_0.2.4  knitr_1.6       
##  [9] labeling_0.3     MASS_7.3-33      memoise_0.2.1    munsell_0.4.2   
## [13] parallel_3.1.1   proto_0.3-10     Rcpp_0.11.2      reshape2_1.4    
## [17] rmarkdown_0.2.64 scales_0.2.4     tools_3.1.1      yaml_2.1.13